In bubble etching, air is handed by way of the etchant bath to agitate the answer and pace up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the method has become commercially out of date since it is not as quick as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant resolution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, move price, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching charges and excessive production rates.

FR-2, phenolic paper or phenolic cotton paper, paper impregnated with a phenol formaldehyde resin. Common in shopper electronics with single-sided boards. Tracking resistance determines how the fabric resists high voltage electrical discharges creeping over the board surface. The board stock with unetched copper on it is referred to as 'copper-clad laminate'. Laminates are manufactured by curing underneath strain and temperature layers of cloth or paper with thermoset resin to type an integral final piece of uniform thickness.

The simplest method, used for small-scale production and infrequently by hobbyists, is immersion etching, during which the board is submerged in etching resolution similar to ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass manufacturing, the etching time is lengthy. Heat and agitation can be utilized to the tub to speed the etching price.

Line impedance is decided utilizing dielectric layer thickness, routing copper thickness and trace-width. Trace separation can also be taken under consideration in case of differential indicators. Microstrip, stripline or dual stripline can be utilized to route indicators. Safety Standard UL 796 covers part security requirements for printed wiring boards for use as components in devices or home equipment. Testing analyzes traits similar to flammability, maximum working temperature, electrical monitoring, heat deflection, and direct help of reside electrical elements.

The dimension can be as much as 4 by eight feet (1.2 by 2.4 m) in width and length. Varying cloth weaves , cloth thickness, and resin percentage are used to attain the specified final thickness and dielectric traits.